![]() The phrase “avalanche of numbers” comes from Ian Hacking, writing on the spread of probabilistic and statistical reasoning, in The Taming of Chance, first edition, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Just as information now floods into companies by the tera-, peta-, and exabyte, during the mid-19th century, governments, businesses, and universities produced and grappled with what one historian has called an “avalanche of numbers.” 3 3. This article presents that long-lost chart (see sidebar, “Tracking a missing org chart”) and shows how aligning data with operations and strategy-the quintessential modern management challenge-is a problem that spans the ages. Rather, the difficulty was putting that data to use, and it led McCallum to develop one of the era’s great low-tech management innovations: the organization chart. An excellent recent account of the telegraph’s impact is Richard John, Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications, first edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. Tom Standage quotes contemporaries who called the telegraph the “highway of thought” in The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s On-line Pioneers, first edition, London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998. The problem was not a lack of information: the growing use of the telegraph gave the company an unprecedented supply of nearly real-time data, including reports of accidents and train delays. The discovery came in time for the chart to be included in my doctoral dissertation, completing a quest Chandler began when researching his own dissertation on the pioneering financial analyst Henry Varnum Poor.Ĭhandler continued writing about McCallum and the chart in many foundational business-history studies, including his Pulitzer Prize winner, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Harvard University Press, 1977), as well as Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of American Industrial Enterprise (MIT Press, 1962), which is widely viewed as a seminal book in the development not just of business history but also of strategic thought. located the chart and discuss it in “A bridge builder changes a railroad: The story of Daniel Craig McCallum,” Canal History and Technology Proceedings, 2005, Volume 24, pp. In addition, Charles Wrege and Guidon Sorbo Jr. Lawrence University, in upstate New York. With the help of its reference librarians, I located another copy at St. I was almost ready to give up on my search when the unexpected happened at an academic conference: Peter Knight, a professor of American studies at the University of Manchester, handed out a series of images on the history of capitalism, and I immediately recognized that one was the missing organization chart! I was astonished to learn that Peter had found it in the Library of Congress. Chandler explains that he had not seen the chart himself (at least as of 1988), in Alfred Chandler, “Origins of the organization chart,” Harvard Business Review, 1988, Volume 66, Number 2, pp. In the course of my search, I learned that Chandler himself had never seen the chart and based his description on a detailed advertisement in the American Railroad Journal. I began searching for it during my doctoral studies at Harvard, writing to archives in New York and Ohio and even combing through Chandler’s personal papers. Chandler identified Daniel McCallum as the originator of the New York and Erie’s pioneering plan and describes the chart in tantalizing detail in several of his books. Former Harvard Business School professor Alfred Chandler (1918–2007), who helped establish business history as a rigorous academic discipline, described the momentous impact of managerial innovations, such as the organization chart.
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Its original sense was for “stay-at-home boy,” making it kind of like the young male equivalent of “housewife.” By the 1940s, it’d become part of African American Vernacular English, and it was not a compliment. The word homeboy goes back to the ’80s, but technically the 1880s. Meaning: someone who grew up in the same town as you The movie also helped popularize a number of other 1980s slang phrases, including “wastoid” (for someone who uses drugs) and “burner” (essentially a burnout). While The Simpsons helped popularize the phrase, it actually was coined by another defining cultural landmark of the decade: The Breakfast Club. The show, and “eat my shorts” along with it, seems a bit tame by current standards. The show premiered as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show in 1987 and branched out on its own in 1989, and it’s easy to forget that this animated show was originally countercultural and subversive (compared to the other things on mainstream television, that is). Its aging was likely helped along when it became a catchphrase of Bart Simpson, the 10-year-old son on The Simpsons. The insults of yesteryear can often sound ridiculous to modern ears, and “Eat my shorts!” is no exception. Meaning: a crude remark to tell someone to go away, stop bothering you, etc. Terms like “far out,” “tubular” and “radical” all became part of a youth dialect that made liberal use of 1980s slang. It can be difficult to really separate Val-speak and surf slang, because they closely intermingled. ![]() The word “gnarly,” for example, was used in the 1970s to refer to waves that were particularly difficult to surf, and it spread to non-surfing teenagers by the mid-1980s. While the popularity of surfing culture really peaked in the 1960s, the lingo made it big later on. Val-speak wasn’t the only linguistic phenomenon coming from California. Specific slang like “gag me with a spoon” always goes out of fashion after a while, but Southern Californian Val-speak really changed the way Americans talk forever. No, not everyone sounds like a Californian, but many traits of Val-speak - the constant use of “like,” the “oh my god”s, and the up-speak - are now everywhere. And yet despite certain people rolling their eyes, Val-speak won in the end. It’s pretty common for the way young women to speak to become a constant source of ridicule. Some parts of Valley Speak were really cemented in the 1982 Frank Zappa song “Valley Girl,” in which Zappa’s 14-year-old daughter played the character of the Valley Girl, sprinkling in phrases like “oh my god,” “totally” and “gag me with a spoon.” The stereotype of the Valley Girl really began in the 1970s, but it started to spread in the ’80s. These were the mostly white, mostly upper-middle-class young women who lived in the San Fernando Valley near Los Angeles. One of the defining linguistic phenomena of the 1980s was Val-speak, a dialect of English spoken by Valley Girls. 1980s Slang Words And Phrases Gag me with a spoon! Let’s look at just a few of the words and phrases that became popular during this decade. It’s mostly used by young people - women and Black people especially - and the 1980s were the heyday of Gen Xers, a generation too often overlooked. Slang can reveal the cultural undercurrents of a time period. There are countless different angles to take when looking at a period of 10 years, and here we’ll zoom in on just one: 1980s slang. You can’t boil down the AIDS crisis, the Reagan presidency, the Challenger explosion, hair metal bands, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the beginning of the war on drugs down to a single symbol (though the Rubik’s cube might get us close). Even after 30 years have passed, the 1980s are difficult to distill. 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If you’re looking for something durable and easy to use, go with a well-known brand like Korg or Boss. Things to Consider When Choosing a Mandolin Tuner This type of tuner is quite new, but it has already gained some popularity in the world of music. Polyphonic TunersĪ polyphonic tuner will give you the tuning of all your strings when played together. This type of tuner is very useful in a live performance, and it makes the tuning process much easier. Pedal tuners are best for an electric mandolin, as it requires a jack input to use it. Those microphones detect low vibrations and give you the tune you’re in with precision. This type of tuner is clipped to the instrument with two built-in contact microphones. Clip-On TunersĬlip-on tuners are normally used for violas, violins, and many other classic acoustic instruments. With this type of tuner, you can tune your mandolin easily, as it will be able to find the correct notes without trouble. You can go up or down and tune it to standard or any other tuning. This type of tuner shows how close you are to the nearest semitone. Each one has a different set of features. There are several types of tuners currently available. Something smaller is preferable too, as it’ll adapt better to the small dimensions of the mandolin. You could use a pedal chromatic tuner, but only if your mandolin is electric and has a jack input. The best mandolin tuner is a clip-on and chromatic tuner. Here I’ll talk about some veterans like Snark and Boss, as well as some new useful tuning apps for your phone or tablet. Well, if you want to settle the score with those rebelling strings once and for all, feel free to follow me through this list of lifesaving tuners. 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The English army at the Battle of Hastings also was similar, and as the English lost to the Normans, much of the standing native English nobility had been wiped out following the loss.Ī primary difference between this form of feudalism, as practiced in Anglo-Saxon England vis a vis the Norman period, was that it was a more native form of ties between the king and his nobles. The invasion of Scotland by King Athelstan in the 930s drew from thegns whom he had established. ![]() Armies used in various conflicts were drawn from such arrangements. This system was indigenous to the Anglo-Saxons, and greatly mimicked feudalism as practiced in Europe at the time. Thegns often worked along with ealdormen and shire reeves to enforce law and order and collect taxes in given areas. Various writs survive from Anglo-Saxon monarchs, where specific grants of land were given to nobility throughout England. 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Buy fully licensed online digital, transposable. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Digital Sheet Music for The Ragtime Dance (1902) by Scott Joplin scored for Piano/Vocal id:249675. The author died in 1917, so this work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or fewer. CC BY 3.0 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 true true Composition Public domain Public domain false false You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. It was sold first as sheet music, and in the 1910s as piano rolls that would play on player pianos. ![]() attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. 'The Entertainer' is a 1902 classic piano rag written by Scott Joplin. 0:00 / 4:59 Ragtime Dance, 1902 Scott Joplin - Topic 7.to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work. |